All-Season Cycling Infrastructure as a Structural Condition for Integrating Personal Mobility Devices into Urban Transport Systems

The article substantiates the development of all-season cycling infrastructure as a necessary structural condition for integrating personal mobility devices (PMDs) into the urban mobility system. A vehicle that ceases operation for 5–6 months a year cannot be considered a full-fledged component of the transport system, as it fails to provide the required regularity and all-season coverage. Technical, infrastructural, and behavioural barriers to the winter use of PMDs are identified; it is established that the key barrier is the absence of specialised infrastructure rather than the design of the vehicle itself. Standard cross-sectional profiles of 2.5 m wide cycle paths adapted to standard snow-clearing equipment are developed. An aggregated calculation of construction costs (~RUB24 million/km) and operating costs (~RUB135,000/km per year) is performed. Based on a spatiotemporal analysis of data from a kick-scooter sharing operator in two districts of Moscow, routes for all-season cycle paths connecting residential areas with metro stations are proposed. It is shown that operating costs are covered by revenues generated by kick-scooter sharing users, with a construction payback period of 14–24 years

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